名詞子句和形容詞子句最大的不同是在形容詞子句的連接詞或稱作關係代名詞一定是"代錶前麵的一個名詞或代名詞"同時又是該形容詞子句的一部分as its subject object of eith ... 文法原理初稿 - 趣味新聞網

發表日期 2008-04-04T05:31:16+08:00

     名詞子句和形容詞子句最大的不同是在形容詞子句的連接詞或稱作關係代名詞一定是"代錶前麵的一個名詞或代名詞"同時又是該形容詞子句的一部分as its subject, object of either transitive verb or preposition, or complement of intransitive verb, whereas名詞子句的連接詞並無前麵的一個名詞可代錶, 如果名詞子句前麵齣現一個名詞, 則該名詞子句整體代錶該名詞, 文法上稱為該名詞的同位語, 比較下麵兩句:
形容詞子句   Desertification is a global phenomenon "that" has affected farming everywhere in the world.
"that"代錶前麵的"phenomenon"並稱為該名詞的關係代名詞.
名詞子句       Desertification is a phenomenon that fertile lands gradually become barren wastelands.
"that fertile lands gradually become barren wastelands"整體that名詞子句代錶前麵的"phenomenon"並稱為該名詞的同位語.
形容詞子句
【形容詞子句的用法】
形容詞子句一定是放在一個而且可放在任一名詞或代名詞之後當其後置形容用語
Note: 一個that-clause的that連接詞如果不能滿足下麵任一用法時則該that-clause一定
不是形容詞子句而是名詞子句a that-clause that cannot meet any of the following uses is
a noun clause.
既然形容詞子句的連接詞或稱作關係代名詞一定是"代錶前麵的一個名詞或代名詞"同時又是該形容詞子句的一部分,所以,凡名詞的角色,關係代名詞均可扮演
1. As the clause's subject:
The man "who” spoke to you yesterday is my uncle.
"who" is the 主詞subject of 形容詞子句"who spoke to you yesterday"
2.  As the object of the clause's transitive verb及物動詞的受詞
The man (“whom”) you met yesterday is my uncle. (“whom” can be omitted)
"whom" is the object of "met", 及物動詞的受詞時關係代名詞可省略
3.  As the object of the clause’s preposition
The man to “whom” you spoke yesterday is my uncle. (“whom” cannot be omitted)
Or, The man (“whom”) you spoke to yesterday is my uncle. (“whom” can be omitted)
"whom" is the object of "to"介係詞的受詞. 而當介係詞放在關係代名詞後麵時,
關係代名詞可省略. 介係詞放在關係代名詞前麵時, 關係代名詞不可省略
The house “where” (=in which) you live is rather clean.
The house in “which” you live is rather clean. (“which” cannot be omitted)
The house (“which”) you live in is rather clean. (“which” can be omitted)
“which” is the object of "in"介係詞的受詞. 而當介係詞放在關係代名詞後麵時, 關係代名詞可省略. 介係詞放在關係代名詞前麵時, 關係代名詞不可省略
4.  Three houses are all "that” there remain after the devastation of the flood.
all = 名詞, that代錶all同時又是該形容詞子句不及物動詞remain的補語可省略.
運用上麵四規則來分辨一個that-clause是形容詞子句還是名詞子句
Desertification is a phenomenon that fertile lands gradually become barren wastelands.
1.        “that” cannot be the subject of become, since “fertile lands” is the subject.
2.        “that” cannot be the object of “become”, since “wastelands” is the object.
3.        “that” cannot be the介係詞的受詞, since the that-clause has no介係詞的受詞to combine with “that”.
4.        “that” cannot be the complementation補語 of 不及物動詞, since the that-clause has no 不及物動詞.
Therefore, 雖然that前麵有一個名詞但該 that-clause 不是形容詞子句而是名詞子句當作名詞的同位語
Note:
形容詞子句的連接詞或稱作關係代名詞為that, which, who, where, when
主格     that       which       who
受格     that       which       whom
所有格   whose     of which    whose, of whom
where = in which, when = in that 為介係詞與關係代名詞的組閤, 故無法當形容詞子句的主格受格,也無所有格.
Taiwan is a charming island where almost everything is enjoyable.
I married my wife in 1982 when I just received my MA degree.
【形容詞子句搭配 It加強語氣】
1. John broke the window.
=> It is John who broke the window.
2. We consulted John.
=> It was John whom we consulted.
3. We gave our old car to John.
=> It is John to whom we gave our old car.
4. In 1911 China established the first republic in Asia.
=> It was in 1911 when (= in that) China established the first republic in Asia.
5. I spent my last summer vacation in countryside.
=> It was in countryside where (=in which) I spent my last summer vacation.
6. Our teacher recommended Longman Dictionary.
=> It is Longman Dictionary that our teacher recommended.
【用 as 取代形容詞子句的that / which】
(1) He is an American, as is evident from his accent. ( as取代 that/which 代錶He is an American當作後麵子句is的主詞)
He is a polite person, as ( 取代 that/which ) is shown by his proper behavior and
manner.
This is also part of your work, as ( 取代 that /which) I told you before.
He spends all he has, as ( 取代 that/which ) is usual with students ( 取代 that ).
As ( 取代 that ) is usual with students, he spends all he has.
"that" “which” 是關係代名詞隻能代錶名詞或代名詞,不能代錶子句 "He is an American", "He is a polite person", “This is also part of your work”, …. 故使用as取代that/which當作關係代名詞.
(2) 為瞭配閤慣用語the same…as, as…as故使用as取代that/which/who當作關係代名詞.
It is the same story as (= that) I heard from her yesterday. ( as取代 that代錶story當作後麵子句及物動詞heard的受詞 )
He got as high a Toefl score as (= that) he could (get). ( as取代 that代錶score當作後麵子句及物動詞get的受詞, get可省略 )
He will buy as cheap a house as (= which) he can find. ( as取代 that代錶house當作後麵子句及物動詞find的受詞 )
This company can provide job training for nearly fifteen thousand people, about as many as (= who) are enrolled in Taiwan University this year. ( as取代 who代錶people當作後麵子句are動詞的主詞 )
【形容詞子句的簡化】
1.        簡化為同位語
(1) Thomas Pain, (who was) an eloquent writer, wrote Common Sense, (which is) a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.
=> Thomas Pain, an eloquent writer, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.
(2) The celesta, (which is) an orchestral percussion, resembles a small upright piano.
=> The celesta, an orchestral percussion, resembles a small upright piano.
2.        簡化為過去分詞片語
(1) The outer layer of the heart, (which is) called the pericardium, forms a sac in which the heart lies.
=>The outer layer of the heart, called the pericardium, forms a sac in which the heart lies.
(2) Indigo is a vat color, (which is) so called because it does not dissolve in water.
=> Indigo is a vat color, so called because it does not dissolve in water.
3.        簡化為現在分詞片語
(1) Nellie, who had gained a reputation as an intrepid journalist, became the first female           reporter assigned to the Eastern front during the First World War.
=>Nellie, having gained a reputation as an intrepid journalist, became the first female reporter assigned to the Eastern front during the First World War.
(2) Wetlands, which depend on many factors, may be mossy or grassy.
=> Wetlands, depending on many factors, may be mossy or grassy.現在分詞片語.
4.        簡化為形容詞片語
(1) Marry, (who was) skeptical of the theories of her colleagues, formulated her own.
=> Marry, skeptical of the theories of her colleagues, formulated her own.
(2) Insects, (that are) common on our Earth, are indispensable for the preservation of ecology.
=> Insects, common on our Earth, are indispensable for the preservation of ecology.
可將上述之同位語、過去分詞片語、現在分詞片語、形容詞片語的位子調到句首
1.        同位語
(1)        An eloquent writer, Thomas Pain wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.
(2)        An orchestral percussion, the celesta resembles a small upright piano.
2. 過去分詞片語
Called the pericardium, the outer layer of the heart forms a sac in which the heart lies.
3. 現在分詞片語
(1)        Having gained a reputation as an intrepid journalist, Nellie became the first female
reporter assigned to the Eastern front during the First World War.
(2)        Depending on many factors, wetlands may be mossy or grassy
4. 形容詞片語
(1) Skeptical of the theories of her colleagues, Marry formulated her own.
(2) Common on our Earth, insects are indispensable for the preservation of ecology.
Note:除上述四種片語外, 還有不定式片語, 介係詞片語, 及副詞或副詞子句可當句首
5. 不定式片語: To protect their bodies, the ancient warriors usually used shields.
6. 介係詞片語: During her college, Marry studied very hard.
Despite many difficulties, they finally solved the problem.
Because of her good temper, she has a lot of friends.
7. 副詞: Unfortunately, their attempts to solve the problem all failed.
8. 副詞子句: Although they encountered many difficulties, they finally solved the problem.
Because he is proficient in several foreign languages, John is assigned to work abroad.
Note: 副詞子句也可放在句中, 句尾
Success is achieved by efforts, although other factors, such as intelligence, may also play a part.
They finally solved the problem, although (though) they encountered many difficulties.
John is assigned to work abroad because (as) he is proficient in several foreign languages
【形容詞子句的省略】
1. be動詞+名詞
Yesterday ten students, three of whom are foreigners, came to see me.
=> Yesterday ten students, three of them foreigners, came to see me.
2. be動詞+形容詞
Yesterday ten students, three of whom were shy, came to see me.
=> Yesterday ten students, three of them shy, came to see me.
3. be動詞+介詞片語
Yesterday ten students, three of whom are full of dreams, came to see me.
=> Yesterday ten students, three of them full of dreams, came to see me.
4.普通動詞被動態
Yesterday ten students, three of whom were dressed in white, came to see me.
=> Yesterday ten students, three of them dressed in white, came to see me.
5.普通動詞主動態
Yesterday ten students, three of whom attend my TOEFL class, came to see me.
=> Yesterday ten students, three of them attending my TOEFL class, came to see me.
6.省略主詞(及連接詞), 改為不定式
(1) Insects have developed thousand ways with which they can camouflage themselves.
=> Insects have developed thousand ways with which to camouflage themselves.
=> Insects have developed thousand ways to camouflage themselves.
(2) John is the right man whom we should consult.
=> John is the right man whom to consult.=> John is the right man to consult.
(3) He offered me a place at which I could stay for a couple of days.
=> He offered me a place at which to stay for a couple of days.
=> He offered me a place to stay for a couple of days.
(4) The time at which you should arrive is 8 a.m.=> The time at which to arrive is 8 a.m.
=> The time (for you) to arrive is 8 a.m.
【幾個形容詞子句的慣用法】
1. 錶程度…the extent to which…
We don’t know the extent to which our company is in debt.
2. 錶方法…the way(s) in(with) which…
Insects have developed thousand ways with which to camouflage themselves.
3. 錶速率…the (a) rate at which…
The prices of houses have risen at a rate at which we won’t be able to buy a house.
【形容詞子句的誤用】
(x) You succeed in your test, which comforts me.
“which” cannot stand for “You succeed in your test”; use 同為語 “an achievement” that comforts me.
名詞子句
【名詞子句整體的功用等同名詞, 凡名詞的角色,名詞子句均可扮演】
既然稱為名詞子句,所以,凡名詞的角色,名詞子句整體均可扮演
Ex.1 As the object of a transitive verb
Everybody knows that you were late for the meeting yesterday.
Our boss usually determines what we must do (what must be done).
名詞子句整體當作know, determine及物動詞的受詞
Note: We believe (that) + S + V …. (“that”可省略)
Ex.2 As the subject of a verb
That the Earth is round is a fact.
What interests me interests my brother as well. (What = The thing that)
名詞子句整體當作is, interests動詞的主詞
Ex.3 As the object of a preposition
Everybody is informed of that you were late for the meeting yesterday.
I am worried about that my TOEFL score is not good enough.
Please inform me of what is going on. (what = the thing that)
名詞子句整體當作介係詞"of", "about"的受詞. (不是that當其受詞)
John and Smith differ in that John is more generous.
Dennis is unique among my students in that he is the only foreigner in the class.
The boss is called dictator in that he decides everything by himself.
名詞子句整體當作介係詞"in"的受詞, 說明John and Smith 在哪方麵differ, Dennis 在哪方麵is unique, 及The boss 就哪方麵來看is called dictator. (不是that當"in"的受詞)
Ex.4 As the 補語 of 不及物動詞
The indisputable fact is that you were late for the meeting yesterday.
In his time, Chinshihuan秦始皇 was what we would call today a tyrant.
名詞子句整體當作不及物動詞is的補語.
Ex.5 As 主詞同位語
His opinion that politics always interferes with economy is somewhat true.
名詞子句整體當作主詞(opinion) 的同位語
Ex.6 As 受詞同位語
Some of us accept his opinion that politics always interferes with economy.
名詞子句整體當作受詞(opinion)的同位語
Ex. 7 As情緒形容詞的補語, such as glad, happy, afraid…
I am glad that you came to my wedding
名詞子句整體當作glad 形容詞的補語.
Note: that名詞子句整體可用“it”虛主詞或虛受詞來代錶
It was surprising that you were late for the meeting yesterday.
We think it inexcusable that you were late for the meeting yesterday.
名詞子句的連接詞也可以是該名詞子句的一部分,這種情況僅發生在wh-疑問名詞子句,
who, whom, what, which, whatever, where, when與形容詞子句不同的是連接詞之前並無名詞.
1.  I don't know who could help me now. "who"當作could help動詞的主詞
2.        I don't know what (= the thing that) I should do now. "what"當作及物動詞do的受詞
3.        I don’t know which one I should choose. “which one” 當作及物動詞choose的受詞
4.        You may choose whatever you like. “whatever” 當作及物動詞like的受詞
5.        I don't know where (= the place which) I could go now. "where"當作不及物動詞go的補語
6.        I don't know what (= the thing that) there remains."what"當作不及物動詞remain的補語
7.  I don't know to whom I could talk.
Or, I don't know whom I could talk to. "whom"當作介係詞to的受詞
【不定式取代名詞子句】
當wh-名詞子句動詞的行為者與主要子句的主詞或受詞是同一個時,或行為者為general people不需指定時, 則可用不定式取代名詞子句
Ex. I don't know where to go now.   He told me where to go.(where I could go)
I don't know what to do now.    He told me what to do.(what I should do)
I don’t know whom to talk to.   He told me whom to talk to.(I could talk to)
This book instructs how to cook.  This map shows how to get Mountain Ali.
Note: 凡接”錶達疑問或未確定意思的主要子句”的名詞子句必須使用疑問詞where, when, what, which, why, how, whether所引導的名詞子句, 反之卻不必然
Where he went remains a puzzle.          Where he went is not our concern.
When he left the meeting remains a puzzle.  When he left the meeting is not our concern.
What caused the accident is still a mystery.  What caused the accident attracts our attention.
Which one among these books is better is still undecided. Which one is better is not a matter.
Why he left the meeting so hurriedly is unclear.  Why he was late interests none of us.
How dinosaurs became extinct is debated.  How dinosaurs became extinct interests scientists
Whether he will come to the meeting is uncertain (or depends on his health condition).
Whether he will come to the meeting will not influence our decision.
下麵為錯誤的錶達
That he left the meeting so hurriedly remains a puzzle.
“That he left the meeting so hurriedly”是一個事實故不能接remains a puzzle疑惑
【用 as 替代名詞子句的what】
It is what you told me. 那是你所告訴我的
It is as you told me. 那是如你所告訴我的 (與上一句意思有點差彆)
It is just what you like. 那是你所喜歡的
It is just as you like. 那是如你所喜歡的 (與上一句意思有點差彆)
Note: He is American, as is evident from his accent. (as…為形容詞子句, as 取代that or which)
It is as you told me. (as…為名詞子句, as替代 what, 意思有點差彆)
The fish is cooked as I like it. (as…為副詞子句, as = how, the way, the way in which)
副詞子句初稿                                                 by Fang yeouyee
【副詞子句的功用】錶達主要子句發生的when, where, how, why
為非獨立子句用來修飾一個獨立的主要子句, 所以不能單獨存在, 必須搭配一個獨立的主要子句來使用。以下的寫法是錯的：
(x) Because lions do not have exceptional speed. 非獨立子句
=> Because lions do not have exceptional speed, they must rely on the element of surprise for the hunt. 搭配一個獨立的主要子句
(x) Although most insects lay eggs非獨立子句
=>Although most insects lay eggs, some give birth to live young搭配一個獨立的主要子句.
Note: 一個非獨立子句與一個獨立主要子句用副詞連接詞Although連接時的句子, 稱為complex sentence 而雙獨立主要子句用對等連接詞and, but, or連接時的句子如
Most insects lay eggs, but some give birth to live young. 稱為compound sentence.
雙獨立主要子句必須用對等連接詞and, but, or或分號連接。以下的寫法是錯的：
Most insects lay eggs, some give birth to live young.
總而言之子句與子句之間必須有連接詞, 唯that名詞子句的連接詞that有時可省略
【副詞子句的連接詞】
有單一字連接詞及多字連接詞
1. 原因或理由: Because…/ Since…/As…
2. 讓步Although…/ Even though…/ For all that…/…though… / Even if…/ While…/ Whereas…/…as…/ As…as…
However (adj.) (adv.)… / Whatever…/ Whenever…/ Wherever…
3. 對照While…/ Whereas…
4. 條件If…/ Unless…/ Whether…or not
5. 時間: When(ever)…/ While…/After…/ Before…/ Since…/ Until…/ Till…/Once…/ As…/ As soon as…/As long as…
6. 地點: Where(ver)…
7. 假設: If…
8. 因果: So…that…, Such…that…
9. 目的/結果: …so that…, …such that…/…, so (that)….
10依照//類似///比較: … as…//…, (just) as…; (Just) as…, so…/ as if…/ as though…///…as…as…/… not so…as… / …more (less)…than…
11正比: The…more (less)…, the more…(less)…/ As...
12程度範圍: As far as…
13情境: Seeing that…
Note: 一字連接詞不可再添加連接詞, 以下的寫法是錯的：
(x) Although most insects lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.
(x) Since (Because) John masters several foreign languages, therefore (so) he is assigned to work abroad.
多字連接詞不可缺字也不可換字, 以下的寫法是錯的：
As soon you arrive there, please call us..
He usually works so late to get up early.
Note: so…that…的that可省略
【副詞子句的的位子】：可放在句首、句中、或句尾。
【副詞子句的簡化】：
副詞子句的主詞與主要子句的主詞同一時---
適用於錶時間when, while, after, before, since, once, until, till 讓步although, (even) though, while, 對照while, 條件if, unless, 依照as, 類似as if, as though的副詞連接詞
1.        省略副詞子句的【代名詞主詞與被動態的be助動詞】
(1) Once (it was) published, the new novel created a furor.
(2) While (I was) driving into the town, I saw a terrible traffic accident.
(3) Even though (he was) punished, Smith showed no penitence.
(4) If (they are) known, such facts must be reported.
(5) Fill in the blanks as (you are) instructed.
(6) Speak to her as though (you were) unaware that she is in bad mood.
Note: (7) She looked at me as if (to say) that I shouldn’t date other girls.
2.        省略副詞子句的【代名詞主詞與be動詞】
(1) Although (I am) very tired, I continue to work.
Water, though (it is) abundant on the Earth, should not be wasted.
(2) When or If (you are) in doubt, consult the dictionary.
3.        省略副詞子句的【代名詞主詞, 改其動詞為分詞】.
(1) When (While) I studied abroad, I made friends of different countries.
=>When (While) studying abroad, I made friends of different countries.
(2) Beavers can stay underwater for fifteen minutes before they have to surface for air.
=>Beavers can stay underwater for fifteen minutes before having to surface for air.
(3) Although I feel tired, I continue to work.
=> Although feeling tired, I continue to work.
(4) Some diseases may afflict some people while they spare the others.
=> Some diseases may afflict some people while sparing the others.
(5) If you feel tired, you may take a rest.
=> If feeling tired, you may take a rest.
4.  省略副詞子句的【連接詞與代名詞主詞, 改其動詞為分詞】適用於錶原因的副詞連接詞because, since, as 錶時間的副詞連接詞when, while
(1) Because she condemned her works as derivative, the painter destroyed them all..
=> Condemning her works as derivative, the painter destroyed them all.
(2) When I neared the entrance, I greeted my old friend.
=> Nearing the entrance, I greeted my old friend.
副詞子句的主詞與主要子句的主詞不同時---
1.省略副詞子句的【連接詞, 改其動詞為分詞】, 適用於錶原因的副詞連接詞because, since, as
(1) Because his right hand was badly injured, Smith used his left hand.
=> His right hand badly injured, Smith used his left hand.
(2) Because no further discussion arose, the meeting was brought to a close
=> No further discussion arising, the meeting was brought to a close.
(3) Since the weather is (was) good, we go (went) for a picnic.
=> The weather being good, we go (went) for a picnic.
2.省略副詞子句的【be動詞】 適用於副詞子句的連接詞為whatever, however, no matter what (how, etc.) 動詞為be動詞時,
(1) Whatever the weather (is), they go out playing baseball.
(2) However hard the work (is), I will bring it off.
(3) No matter what obstacles (are), I will overcome them.
(4) No matter how difficult TOEFL (is), I’ll do my best to succeed.
3.省略正比副詞子句【The…more (less)…, the more…(less)…的be動詞】
The lower the level of lighting in a room (is), the slowly our eyes can focus.
If假設副詞子句可省略If
1. If I were rich, I would buy it.與現在相反的假設
=>Were I rich, I would buy it.
2. If I had been rich, I would have bought it. 與過去相反的假設
=>Had I been rich, I would have bought it.
Note: these two sentences are reversed 倒裝句
Note: 與現在相反的as though
She treats me as though I were a stranger. (In fact, I am not a stranger to her now)
與過去相反的as though
She treated me as though I had been a stranger. (In fact, I was not a stranger to her then)
As far as程度範圍副詞子句, 下句為慣用語
As far as is known, dolphins have no sense of smell.
= As far as we know, dolphins have no sense of smell.
as類似副詞子句或比較副詞子句, 省略重復字
I cannot understand Russian, as (John) he can understand Russian, because I have never learned it.
=> I cannot understand Russian, as he can (John), because I have never learned it.
I work hard, as my father worked hard, to raise my family.
=> I work hard, as did my father, to raise my family.
She can play the piano, as her mother plays the piano.
=> She can play the piano, as does her mother.
She is musical, as her mother was musical.
=> She is musical, as was her mother.
I can run faster than John (can run).
I love her more than you do.
I love her more than does John. (or John does)
(名詞當主詞時主詞與助動詞或代動詞可倒裝)
Living in a freestanding house is still the goal of young generation as it was the goal of old generations.
=> Living in a freestanding house is still the goal of young generation as it was of old generations. (it代名詞替代Living in a freestanding house)
【副詞子句之倒裝】
1. so…that…因果句的獨立子句之倒裝 so…that…
My English is so poor that I cannot read or understand it.
=> So poor is my English that I cannot read or understand it.
2. If假設的副詞子句之倒裝.
If I were rich, I would buy it.與現在相反的假設
=>Were I rich, I would buy it.
If I should be punished for no reason, I would resist.
=>Should I be punished for no reason, I would resist.
If I had been rich, I would have bought it. 與過去相反的假設
=> Had I been rich, I would have bought it.
If I had seen him, I would have told you.
=> Had I seen him, I would have told you.
3. as類似副詞子句或比較副詞子句之倒裝
I cannot understand Russian, as John can, because I have never learned it.
=> I cannot understand Russian, as can John, because I have never learned it.
I love her more than does John.(也可不倒裝 => John does)
(名詞當主詞時需主詞與助動詞或代動詞倒裝)
4. as 讓步副詞子句之倒裝(一定要倒裝)
though讓步副詞子句之倒裝(不一定要倒裝)
As (Though) he is rich, he never squanders.雖然有錢但他從不揮霍
=> Rich as (though) he is, he never squanders. Or,
=> As rich as he is, he never squanders.(美式英語)
5. The…more (less)…, the more…(less)…的倒裝
因The more you study, 果the more you will learn.
果You will learn more, 因the more you study.

[ 本帖最後由 robert1984 於 2008-4-26 18:25 編輯 ]

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