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成人學英文最大的特色有三個,一說就錯,一用就忘,一講就懂。關鍵在這一講就懂。
今天企業英語教室要談的「語用錯誤」造成的誤解。台灣英語教育,一直到近幾年纔開始重視「語用」。講得白一點,語用就是語言的用法,在哪一些情境裏應該說哪些話,要怎麼說。來看一個例子:
● Have you read the book? 你讀過那本書瞭嗎?
● Of course!。是啊,我讀過瞭。(X)
這句隻要迴答Yes或sure即可,of course文法上當然對,但它後麵隱含的意思是"還用說嗎"。老外用of course的頻率不高,隻在迴答一些理所當然問題時纔用。
大部份外籍人士對於老中的發音不準或詞匯不當,接受度很高,也會盡力去瞭解,但不符閤禮儀錯誤語用,卻會讓他們受不瞭。也就是詞用錯瞭或文法錯瞭,可以容忍和原諒;詞沒有用錯、文法(Grammar Rules)沒有錯,但語用規則(Speech Rules)錯瞭,對方可能會覺得你不禮貌,缺乏教養。以下為大傢歸納常見的語用錯誤:
1.你是做什麼工作(做哪一行)?
(X)What's your job?
(O)Are you working at the moment?
What is your job? 美國人不會這麼問,英國人也會覺得這樣問失禮,這問話似乎是警察詢問人用的。要問人的職業,可以用What do you do?是詢問對方職業。失業潮嚴重,要更禮貌還可以問:目前你是在上班嗎?Are you working at this moment?你從事哪個行業呢?What line of work are you in?
2.用英語怎麼說?
(X)How to say?
(O)How do you say this in English?
How to say是最為氾濫成災的中式英語。類似的錯有How to spell the word??How to pronounce this word? 而應該說How do you spell that word? How do you pronounce this word?
3.我每天都到公司去
(X)I go to my company every day.
(O)I go to my office every day.
公司在英語中可用company、corporation、firm等詞語。這些詞語都是用來錶示作為公司的一個法人組織。在錶達去公司上班時用go to the office,也可以用go to work.
4.我想要投訴
(X)I want to make a claim.
(O)I want to complain.
投訴不用claim,因為claim錶示請求、主張,而沒有意見、要求和反對意見的意思。要用英語錶達意見、要求、抱怨或投訴時用complain。除此之外,投訴還可以錶達為file(make)a complaint.
5.我得見這些客戶
(X)I have to meet some guests.
(O)I have to meet some customers.
Guest是訪客,或是對旅館和餐廳的客人;對商傢和企業來講的客人是顧客,應用customer;customer是付錢買東西的客人,client與customer相近,錶示專門行業的客人,像律師的客戶,廣告公司的客戶等。另外,visitor帶有工作或觀光等目的進行訪問的客人的意思。
6.他是我的部屬
(X)He's my junior.
(O)He works under (for) me.
下屬不用junior。Junior是年輕人,比自己晚進公司、晚入學的人都可以用junior,有點接近中文的後進。Junior用於工作中時與職位高低無關,隻錶示某人比某人晚進公司幾年,也可錶達為I started working here three years before he did.(我比他來這公司3年)。而He works under(for)me.有他是我的下屬的意思。
7.我得在中午之前迴來
(X)I have to return by noon.
(O)I have to be/get back by noon..
Return的確有迴來的意思,但會有語意模糊,到底是準備迴來,還是迴到瞭呢?所以不這麼用。在日常對話中return通常有歸還的意思,例如,明天我就得把錄影帶還迴去。就是I have to return the video by tomorrow.
8.我得減肥瞭
(X)I have to lose my weight.
(O)I have to lose weight.
說增加(gain)或減少體重的時候,要注意weight前麵不能加my 或your等所有格。減輕體重正如例句中所說的lose weight,增加體重要用get fat。中年發胖用middle-age spread來錶示。另外,肚子齣來瞭,用wear a spare tire。Spare tire是指腰周圍的贅肉,是由汽車的備胎引申而來的。
9.上車
(X)Get on the car.
(O)Get in the car.
說乘捷運、火車、公車時,用get on +交通工具。但是,錶示乘汽車、小船時,不用get on,而用get in。因為這些交通工具都比捷運、公車小,搭乘這些交通工具時,好像被關在狹小的空間裏。錶達存在於狹窄空間時不用on,而用in.
乘小型交通工具時用get in.
10.我得趕緊上班
(X)I have to get to work soon.
(O)I have to get to work right away.
從馬上可以聯想到soon.但soon對於文章中的句子來說,5分鍾後或1個月後的可能性都有。Soon是模糊的錶示較近的將來的意思。馬上可以用right away或right now.
11.辦公室很寬敞。
(X)The new office is very wide.
(O)The new office is very spacious.
wide意為寬闊的,指橫嚮幅度。例如:a wide river/road 一條寬闊的河流/道路。錶示房間的空間很大,不可以用wide,而用spacious或large。就像指辦公空間擁擠,用small而不用narrow。wide指橫嚮寬度,spacious指空間寬闊。
12.我喜歡淡咖啡
(X)I like light coffee.
(O)I like weak coffee.
light可以指顔色淺的,色彩淡的,但是不指口味淡。英語中,weak coffee指淡咖啡, strong coffee指濃咖啡。不加糖、不加奶的清咖啡是black coffee。淡咖啡是weak coffee。
13.我們初次見麵
(X)It's first time we see each other.
(O)We've never met before.
初次見麵,最常用的說法是:We've never met before.(我們以前沒有見過麵)。It's first time.這句中在first前麵沒有加the,文法錯誤,在日常會話中,並不是常用的。
14.我和朋友齣去玩
(X)I played with my friends.
(O)I hung/went out with my friends.
play with friends是指小孩子玩耍。成人的玩應說hang/go out with friends.還可以用have fun/enjoy oneself等錶達方式。
15.這是我哥哥
(X)This is my elder brother.
(O)This is my older brother.
指年長的人,一般用older比用elder要多,elder是老式用法,不流行瞭。但是,指兩者之間年長的,經常使用the elder。例如:Jane is the elder of the two. 兩人當中珍的年紀較大。
16.你覺得怎麼樣
(X)How do you think?
(O)What do you think?
徵求意見,不能用how。徵求對方意見時,盡管中文說:你覺得怎如何?但是英語中,不能用how,要用what.
企業教育更上一層樓 林富鬆
Jeffrey E. Garten 在他那本書《The Politics of Fortune》(2002)中寫道:In the world after September 11, 2001, and the world after the Enron scandals, the education of tomorrow's business leaders requires reexamination. 到底缺些什麼內容呢?他提齣Future's executives not only will need to be technically in the basics such as finance, marketing, and operations, but will require a knowledge of government-how it works, and how to work in partnership with it. 所以除瞭911恐怖分子攻擊(terrorist attack)和恩隆醜聞外,作者還點明該書的重點之一:politics,不隻是政治學而已,更指政治手腕、政治事業,如: He entered politics at the age of 30.,也暗指各種勾心鬥角的事情。另外像對各種國際組織(international organizations)及對非官方組織NGOs(nongovernmental organizations)的瞭解均甚重要。諸多活動及內容如:How to operate in a world of multiple jurisdictions with different political and legal system and a multitude of cultures and customer preferences,不僅要知道文化差異、顧客偏好,更需深入瞭解該國之法律環境,尤其司法製度(jurisdiction)。
身為商學院的院長,Garten心中所係當然是如何教育未來的領導者(future leaders),他立即指齣,想把我們學生在未來生活與工作中,做判斷能將涉及技能與價值的部份予以區分,不僅隻是挑戰,更是不可能之事。(I find it impossible to separate the challenge of identifying the skills and values that our students will need from our judgment about the world in which they will live and work.)原本像美國這麼繁榮的資本主義國傢,自1980年代便一直瀋浸在黃金時代當中,卻因2001年的恐怖分子攻擊美國事件,以及二個月後發生的恩隆醜聞(Enron scandal),基本上已大大改變整個情境(have fundamentally altered the landscape)。因為 Each of these events creates new risks for business.
於1776年齣版的《國富論》(The Wealth of Nation)中,Adam Smith所揭櫫的想法叫 laissez faire,亦即經濟上的自由放任主義,亦即管得越少的政府便是最好的政府。Smith還引用英國的古諺: The road to hell is always paved with good intentions.(到地獄之路是常鋪滿善意的)。而 Garten今日則認為需要 a knowledge of government-how it works, and how to work in partnership with it. 也就是要瞭解政府的運作方式,甚至如何與政府閤作愉快。對美國政府,他也寫到"The U.S. government could initiate policies with good intentions but with unintentional consequences, raising the cost of doing business and undercutting opportunities for risk and innovation." 是否與Adam Smith 所說頗雷同?
另有一位頗有意思的學者Charles Handy寫瞭一本 《大象與跳蚤》(The Elephant and Flea),寫資本主義下的某些不滿(子標題為Reflection of a reluctant capitalist),由小跳蚤奮力想爬上大象背的繽紛曆程,開始他先提齣很棒的人生態度:Today really was going to be the first day of my life. 雖然他要失業瞭,但因為是他自己的抉擇,所以他不說 I would be unemployed.,反而用 I was going portfolio. 那是他自創之用語,portfolio是公事包,中間有許多夾層,好比人有許多地方可去,沒什麼大不瞭,換換位置而已。如果用portfolio selection指的是一個人的資産組閤。Handy很快提齣他喜歡的哲學傢叔本華(Arthur Schopenhauer)說的話"All truth passes through three stages. First it is ridiculed, Second it is opposed. Third it is accepted as being self-evident." 實值得深思,真理蛻變三部麯:先被視為荒謬,其次被反對,最後被接受且視為當然。
Handy認為謊言不值得,因為它終將迴過頭來,像迴力鏢(boomerang)一般,傷到自己(Lies aren't worth it. They boomerang on you.)。對於世界上一些已發生的事件,他也提齣世事難料的精湛看法,比如"Communism was already a failed ideology in 1981 but no one then foresaw the fall of the Berlin Wall and the demise of the Soviet Empire."的確如此,世人總視萬事為當然,日子總是一樣過,共産主義的失敗、柏林圍牆的倒塌、蘇聯帝國之崩解,迴顧曆史不都是同一檔事嗎,怎沒真知灼見之人士齣現?
同樣的,在1981年,誰又能洞見internet如排山倒海的影響力?無怪乎Handy 要說"In the light of this experience it might be thought a little hazardous, even ridiculous, to try to gaze a further twenty years into the future." 想預測二十年後的未來,實在是危險(hazardous)荒謬(ridiculous)之事。接下來他寫道"Global capitalism also makes a few of us happier. Ironically it is the poor rather than the rich who say that wealth brings happiness."奇怪,原來是沒財富的窮人望梅止渴,高喊財富應為快樂之源。更絕的是,"In a series of surveys around the world there is some evidence that a per capita income of $ 10,000 a year is the point of diminishing returns."真的嗎?每年每人320,000 台幣就會産生報酬遞減(diminishing returns) 的現象?
誠如Handy所說,「資本主義是條洪流」(Capitalism is a powerful river.),他花十年使自己的事業起飛(It took ten years for me for my working tale off.)因為他寫的第四本書《The age of unreason》(無理由的時代),遇到好的齣版社與好編輯,最重要的,他寫給廣大的讀者(General readers),他作成一項社會教育,這使他from flea to elephant,該最後係以中國諺語做終結"Happiness is having something to do, something to hope for and someone to love."。
Jeffrey E. Garten則寫齣壯誌與宏論:In a world of increasing violence, we ought to look to them to keep up the drumbeat for economic progress and development. In a world in which government power is expanding, we should look to top corporate executives to push for pro market regulation. In a world where hundred of millions of people are investing in markets for their future security, we have a right to expect that business leaders see themselves as stewards for the future. Business education ought to be dealing with both the development of the individual and the needs of the nation and the global economy.的確,在一個暴力漸增的世界,吾人當為經濟進步與發展奮力擊鼓。在一個政府權力不斷擴增的世界,吾人當仰賴企業高階推動閤宜的規章。在一個影響億萬人未來投資安全的市場,吾人當仰賴企業領袖捍衛大傢的未來。企業教育不僅需滿足個人的發展,更需符閤國傢及全球經濟的需求。
以上內容由【世界公民文化中心】提供。
免費下載英語100句經典語用錯誤排行榜請上www.core-corner.com。
【企業英語讀書會】
由前交大IMBA林富鬆教授每周為專業經理人選讀科技、管理、行銷、趨勢原文書,一年進行五十二場全世界菁英最精采的 virtual 腦力激盪!
2010年,Enjoy你在英文裏犯的錯
世界公民文化中心裏不管是團體或一對一用英文錶達,每一個學生或多或少都會說錯:有時候忘瞭用過去式,忘瞭單復數,錯用on或in,偶爾也說齣自己都搞不清楚意思的句子,或不知哪兒錯,就是很中文的英文。
每一次犯錯都是進步的機會。你和你的老師都很enjoy錯瞭又被糾正的震撼經驗。外商公司上班的,或國外MBA迴來的,都說他們講錯英文,也不會有人告訴他們,已經錯瞭半輩子。
講好英文,先Enjoy犯錯,想辦法知道自己哪裏錯,最有效的辦法是加入世界公民1on1 program。報名一對一請上網www.core-corner.com登記,或電話搶先預約02-27215033或03-5721099。